Enhanced multimodal luminescence and ultrahigh stability Eu<sup>3+</sup>-doped CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> glasses for X-ray detection and imaging
Yao Tong, Qin Wang, Heng Yang, Xiaoting Liu, Enrou Mei, Xiaojuan Liang, Zhijun Zhang, Weidong Xiang
Abstract
As an emerging scintillation material, metal halide perovskite ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m1"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>CsPbX</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) has been deemed the most potentially valuable candidate in X-ray detection and medical imaging. Nevertheless, it is a continuing challenge to implement efficient radioluminescence (RL) with high radiation stability and moisture resistance. Moreover, the optimized luminescence properties and excellent uniformity of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m2"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>CsPbX</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> glass are also key points for obtaining perfect X-ray images. Herein, we have successfully precipitated <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m3"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Eu</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> -doped <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m4"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>CsPbBr</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanocrystals (NCs) with improved photoluminescence quantum yield ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m5"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo form="prefix">≈</mml:mo> <mml:mn>58.6</mml:mn> <mml:mi>%</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) because partial <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m6"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Eu</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> entered the perovskite lattice in a robust borosilicate glass matrix by in situ crystallization. The small amount of Eu addition made the lattice of NCs shrink and promoted uniform distribution of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m7"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>CsPbBr</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> NCs in the glass, which effectively reduced the light scattering of the sample. Subsequently, multimodal RL intensity of the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m8"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>CsPbBr</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>CsPbBr</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> : x Eu NCs glasses (CPB-0Eu/CPB- x Eu) as a function of X-ray dose rate showed a superlinear relationship to the benefit of obtaining satisfactory X-ray images. Also, the outstanding radiation stability and water resistance of CPB- x Eu were confirmed due to the protection of the robust glass matrix. Finally, an X-ray imaging system using a CPB- x Eu scintillator was constructed, and the spring in the opaque sample was legibly detected under the motivation of X-rays, indicating that <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m9"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>CsPbX</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> glasses possess extensive application prospects in terms of X-ray detection and medical imaging.