Intake of Alcohol and Tea and Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Population-Based Case–Control Study in Southern China
Ruimei Feng, Ellen T. Chang, Qing Liu, Yonglin Cai, Zhe Zhang, Guomin Chen, Qihong Huang, Shang-Hang Xie, Su‐Mei Cao, Yu Zhang, Jing‐Ping Yun, Wei‐Hua Jia, Yuming Zheng, Jian Liao, Yufeng Chen, Tingting Huang, Longde Lin, Ingemar Ernberg, Guangwu Huang, Yi‐Xin Zeng, Hans‐Olov Adami, Weimin Ye
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The potential effect of alcohol or tea intake on the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains controversial. METHODS: In a population-based case-control study in southern China, we assessed alcohol or tea intake from 2,441 histopathologically confirmed NPC cases and 2,546 controls. We calculated mean daily ethanol (g/day) and tea intake (mL/day). Fully adjusted ORs with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression; potential dose-response trends were evaluated using restricted cubic spline analysis. RESULTS: Compared with nondrinkers, no significantly increased NPC risk in men was observed among current alcohol drinkers overall (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.93-1.25), nor among current heavy drinkers (OR for ≥90 g/day ethanol vs. none, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.95-1.84) or former alcohol drinkers. Current tea drinking was associated with a decreased NPC risk (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.64-0.84). Compared with never drinkers, those with the low first three quintiles of mean daily current intake of tea were at significantly lower NPC risk (OR, 0.53, 0.68, and 0.65, respectively), but not significant for the next two quintiles. Current daily tea intake had a significant nonlinear dose-response relation with NPC risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests no significant association between alcohol and NPC risk. Tea drinking may moderately reduce NPC risk, but the lack of a monotonic dose-response association complicates causal inference. IMPACT: Tea drinking might be a healthy habit for preventing NPC. More studies on biological mechanisms that may link tea with NPC risk are needed.