The emergence of powerful oral anti-COVID-19 drugs in the post-vaccine era

Abstract

The quest for effective drugs to treat COVID-19 has been a priority since the outbreak of the disease. The clinical application of remdesivir has been greatly restricted by the need for intravenous administration, as well as unstable concentrations in plasma and variable antiviral activity in different organelles.1Schooley RT Carlin AF Beadle JR et al.Rethinking remdesivir: synthesis, antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of oral lipid prodrugs.bioRxiv. 2021; (published online June 7.) (preprint).https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.26.269159Google Scholar Four neutralising antibodies (bamlanivimab, etesevimab, casirivimab, and imdevimab) have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration; however, their high cost and need for intravenous administration render them inaccessible to the public. Therefore, effective and economical oral drugs are the priority for the prevention and control of COVID-19, because they can be used after exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or at the first sign of COVID-19. Molnupiravir is an oral antiviral drug with β-d-N4Sheahan TP Sims AC Zhou S et al.An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice.Sci Transl Med. 2020; 12eabb5883Crossref PubMed Google Scholar-hydroxycytidine (NHC) as the active ingredient, and has been jointly developed by Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA) and Ridgeback (Miami, FL, USA). NHC monophosphate can pair with adenine or guanine and induce lethal mutations during subsequent RNA synthesis; however, NHC does not terminate strand synthesis and is therefore resistant to the proofreading function of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14.2Malone B Campbell EA Molnupiravir: coding for catastrophe.Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2021; 28: 706-708Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar Data from the phase 3 MOVe-OUT trial3MerckMerck and Ridgeback's investigational oral antiviral molnupiravir reduced the risk of hospitalisation or death by approximately 50 percent compared to placebo for patients with mild or moderate COVID-19 in positive interim analysis of phase 3 study.https://www.merck.com/news/merck-and-ridgebacks-investigational-oral-antiviral-molnupiravir-reduced-the-risk-of-hospitalization-or-death-by-approximately-50-percent-compared-to-placebo-for-patients-with-mild-or-moderat/Date: Oct 1, 2021Date accessed: October 1, 2021Google Scholar showed that treatment with molnupiravir reduced hospitalisation or mortality by approximately 50% compared with placebo in patients with mild or moderate COVID-19—a very promising finding given that more than 4·7 million deaths worldwide have been attributed to COVID-19 to date. Molnupiravir showed a stronger antiviral effect than remdesivir (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50]: 0·3 μmol/L vs 0·77 μmol/L) and ideal toxicity (50% cytotoxic concentration [CC50]>10 μmol/L) in vitro.4Sheahan TP Sims AC Zhou S et al.An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice.Sci Transl Med. 2020; 12eabb5883Crossref PubMed Google Scholar The phase 2 clinical trial also showed a promising result: no live virus could be isolated from patients who received 400 mg (n=42) or 800 mg (n=53) molnupiravir for 5 days, whereas live virus was isolated from 11·1% of patients in the placebo group (n=54; p=0·03). Moreover, molnupiravir has a favourable safety and tolerability profile.5Fischer W Eron JJ Holman W et al.Molnupiravir, an oral antiviral treatment for COVID-19.medRxiv. 2021; (published online June 17.) (preprint).https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.17.21258639Google Scholar However, given that 7·3% of participants treated with molnupiravir were still hospitalised during a 29-day observation period—and the potential for molnupiravir, a mutagenic ribonucleoside, to be carcinogenic6Zhou S Hill CS Sarkar S et al.β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine inhibits SARS-CoV-2 through lethal mutagenesis but is also mutagenic to mammalian cells.J Infect Dis. 2021; 224: 415-419Crossref PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar—the development of oral antiviral treatment for COVID-19 still needs further study. In addition to molnupiravir, four more oral anti-COVID-19 drugs are in phase 3 clinical trials: the 3CL protease inhibitors PF-07321332 (developed by Pfizer [New York, NY, USA]) and s217622 (developed by Shionogi [Osaka, Japan]), the RdRp inhibitor AT-527 (jointly developed by Roche [Basel, Switzerland] and Atea [Boston, MA, USA]), and the SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 and TMPRSS2 antagonist proxalutamide (initiated by Kintor Pharma [Suzhou, China]). While COVID-19 is prevalent, the combined use of immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory agents, antivirals, and host-factor antagonists might be the optimal therapy for the disease. The emergence of affordable and powerful oral anti-COVID-19 drugs and the increased uptake of vaccination will bring hope for the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research was supported by the Key Project of Beijing University of Chemical Technology (grant number XK1803-06), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant numbers 2018YFA0903000, 2020YFC2005405, 2020YFA0712100, 2020YFC0840805), the Funds for First-class Discipline Construction (grant number XK1805), the Inner Mongolia Key Research and Development Program (grant number 2019ZD006), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 81672001, 81621005), the NSFC-MFST project (China-Mongolia) (grant number 31961143024), and the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (grant numbers BUCTRC201917, BUCTZY2022). HF, FL, JF, and ML contributed equally. We declare no competing interests.

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