Intra-body dynamics of d-serine reflects the origin of kidney diseases
Hiroki Okushima, Yukimasa Iwata, Atsushi Hesaka, Eri Sugimori, Tatsuhiko N. Ikeda, Maiko Nakane, Masashi Mita, Terumasa Hayashi, Yoshitaka Isaka, Tomonori Kimura
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: D-Serine, present only in trace amounts in humans, is now recognized as a biomarker of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is heterogeneous in its original kidney diseases, whose diagnoses require kidney biopsy. In this study, we examined whether the intra-body dynamics of D-serine, indexed by its blood and urinary levels, reflects the origin of kidney diseases. METHODS: Patients with six kinds of kidney disease undergoing kidney biopsy were enrolled in a single center. Levels of D- and L-serine were measured using two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography. The associations between the origin of kidney diseases and the intra-body dynamics of D-serine were examined using multivariate cluster analyses. RESULTS: Unlike the non-CKD profile, patients with CKD showed broadly-distributed profiles of intra-body dynamics of D-serine. The plasma level of D-serine plays a key role in the detection of kidney diseases, whereas a combination of plasma and urinary levels of D-serine distinguished the origin of CKD, especially lupus nephritis. CONCLUSION: Intra-body dynamics of D-serine have the potential to predict the origin of kidney diseases. Monitoring of D-serine may guide specific treatments for the origin of kidney diseases.