Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzothieno[<i>a</i>,<i>f</i>]pentalenes Enabling Large Antiaromaticity and Moderate Open-Shell Character through a Small Energy Barrier for Bond-Shift Valence Tautomerization
Yusuke Mizuno, Akira Nogata, Mitsuharu Suzuki, Ken‐ichi Nakayama, Ichiro Hisaki, Ryohei Kishi, Akihito Konishi, Makoto Yasuda
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical rationalization of bond-shift valence tautomerization, characterized by double-well potential surfaces, is one of the most challenging topics of study among the rich electronic properties of antiaromatic molecules. Although the pseudo-Jahn–Teller effect (PJTE) is an essential effect to provide attractive characteristics of 4 n π systems, an understanding of the structure–property relationship derived from the PJTE for planar 4 n π electron systems is still in its infancy. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two regioisomers of the thiophene-fused diareno[ a, f ]pentalenes 6 and 7 . The magnetic and optoelectronic properties characterize these sulfur-doped diareno[ a, f ]pentalenes as open-shell antiaromatic molecules, in sharp contrast to the closed-shell antiaromatic systems of 3 and 5, in which these main cores consist of the same number of π electrons as 6 and 7 . Notably, thiophene-fused 6b and 7b showed pronounced antiaromaticity, the strongest among the previous systems, as well as moderate open-shell characteristics. Our experimental and theoretical investigations concluded that these properties of 6b and 7b are derived from the small energy barrier E a ‡ for the bond-shift valence tautomerization. The energy profile of the single crystal of 6b showed the temperature-dependent structural variations assigned to the dynamic mutual exchange between the two C s -symmetric structures, which was also supported by changes in the chemical shifts of variable-temperature 1 H NMR spectra in the solution phase. Both experimental and computational results revealed the importance of introducing heteroaromatic rings into 4 n π systems for controlling the PJTE and manifesting the antiaromatic and open-shell natures originating from the high-symmetric structure. The findings of this study advance the understanding of antiaromaticity characterized by the PJTE by controlling the energy barrier for bond-shift valence tautomerizations, potentially leading to the rational design of optoelectronic devices based on novel antiaromatic molecules possessing the strong contributions of their high-symmetric geometries.