Chemical Insights into the Formation of Colloidal Iridium Nanoparticles from In Situ X-ray Total Scattering: Influence of Precursors and Cations on the Reaction Pathway
Jette K. Mathiesen, Jonathan Quinson, Sonja Blaseio, Emil T. S. Kjær, Alexandra Dworzak, Susan Cooper, Jack K. Pedersen, Baiyu Wang, Francesco Bizzotto, Johanna Schröder, Tiffany L. Kinnibrugh, Søren Bredmose Simonsen, Luise Theil Kuhn, Jacob J. K. Kirkensgaard, Jan Rossmeisl, Mehtap Oezaslan, Matthias Arenz, Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen
Abstract
Iridium nanoparticles are important catalysts for several chemical and energy conversion reactions. Studies of iridium nanoparticles have also been a key for the development of kinetic models of nanomaterial formation. However, compared to other metals such as gold or platinum, knowledge on the nature of prenucleation species and structural insights into the resultant nanoparticles are missing, especially for nanoparticles obtained from Ir x Cl y precursors investigated here. We use in situ X-ray total scattering (TS) experiments with pair distribution function (PDF) analysis to study a simple, surfactant-free synthesis of colloidal iridium nanoparticles. The reaction is performed in methanol at 50 °C with only a base and an iridium salt as precursor. From different precursor salts─IrCl 3, IrCl 4, H 2 IrCl 6, or Na 2 IrCl 6 ─colloidal nanoparticles as small as Ir ∼55 are obtained as the final product. The nanoparticles do not show the bulk iridium face-centered cubic ( fcc ) structure but show decahedral and icosahedral structures. The formation route is highly dependent on the precursor salt used. Using IrCl 3 or IrCl 4, metallic iridium nanoparticles form rapidly from Ir x Cl y n – complexes, whereas using H 2 IrCl 6 or Na 2 IrCl 6, the iridium nanoparticle formation follows a sudden growth after an induction period and the brief appearance of a crystalline phase. With H 2 IrCl 6, the formation of different Ir n ( n = 55, 55, 85, and 116) nanoparticles depends on the nature of the cation in the base (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, or CsOH, respectively) and larger particles are obtained with larger cations. As the particles grow, the nanoparticle structure changes from partly icosahedral to decahedral. The results show that the synthesis of iridium nanoparticles from Ir x Cl y is a valuable iridium nanoparticle model system, which can provide new compositional and structural insights into iridium nanoparticle formation and growth.