A tutorial on the Multi-fold theory principles and the SM_G

Abstract

The paper explains sometimes in simplified terms, sometimes in more details the principles that motivate and are behind the Multi-fold theory. It provides an overview of some of the key results in particular the SM G , i.e., the Standard Model with gravity effects non-negligible at its scales. In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and non-commutative geometry, which is Lorentz invariant, and where spacetime nodes, and particles, can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model (SM) resulting into what we define as SM G. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hint at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. Recent work shows that the multi-fold theory can be encountered in GR at Plank scales, in spacetime quantization starting from the Hilbert Einstein action, and in the equivalence principle of suitable quantum reference frames in relational quantum physics. Conversely, GR and Quantum physics, including path integrals, the Born rule, and wave functions, can be recovered through different paths from multi-fold spacetime reconstruction and the W-type multifold hypothesis. In a multi-fold universe, GR and Quantum Physics are not incompatible, they are just different facets of multi-fold mechanisms, something that neither theory can well model. The main principles of the multi-fold theory are that while in GR spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve, when adding Quantum Physics with entanglement, we also impose a non-local wave function behavior, and Lorentz invariance imposes no supra-luminosity. As a result, gravity is the result of spacetime going out of its way, and contorting , to support such requirements, as demanded by the content of the universe. The multi-fold theory is about explaining and reconciling this, and all the consequences of it. These include the SM G , i.e., the Standard Model where gravity is non-negligible at its scales, multi-fold dark matter and energy, the E/G factual conjecture, and a discrete spacetime that is 2D at small scale, Lorentz invariant, fractal and noncommutative. The SM G potentially explains many problems with the SM.

Topics & Concepts