HMGB1 in nasal inflammatory diseases: a reappraisal 30 years after its discovery
Giorgio Ciprandi, Luisa Bellussi, Giulio Cesare Passàli, Valerio Damiani, Desiderio Passàli
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: High mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) is a protein belonging to the alarmin family. HMGB1 has a relevant role in starting the inflammatory cascade by means of receptors, such as RAGE and TLR. HMGB1 supports transcription of many genes in interactions with many transcription factors, including NF-kB. The axis HMGB1-RAGE-NF-kB has, therefore, a pivotal role in the inflammatory cascade. HMGB1 controls the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and the proliferation and activation of many inflammatory cells. AREAS COVERED: The present report concerns the role of HMGB1 in nasal inflammatory disorders, including allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. HMGB1 modulation has been the aim of several studies. The literature search included recent papers that covered this topic. EXPERT OPINION: , can efficiently block HMGB1. Promising reports seem to suggest that GA could exert favorable anti-inflammatory activity in patients with nasal inflammatory disorders.