Biocontrol of Macrophomina phaseolina Using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strains in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)
Edelweiss A. Rangel-Montoya, Carmen Sanjuana Delgado-Ramírez, Edgardo Sepúlveda, Rufina Hernández-Martínez
Abstract
The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina is the causal agent of charcoal rot in many crops, such as strawberries and beans. Symptoms include stem and root rot and chlorotic foliage. This disease’s management is complicated because the pathogen forms resistant microsclerotia. This work aimed to obtain bacterial isolates for the biocontrol of M. phaseolina in arid regions. Two strains that grew well under low pH and high salinity, named BsA3MX and BsC11MX, were isolated and identified as B. amyloliquefaciens, based on their morphology and analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA. Both strains inhibited M. phaseolina up to 66.8% in vitro through the combined action of volatile and diffusible compounds. Furthermore, they produce siderophores and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), have ACC-deaminase activity, solubilize phosphate and zinc, and decrease microsclerotia germination. Moreover, in greenhouse assays using cowpea plants (Vigna unguiculata L.), strain BsA3MX reduced lesions caused by M. phaseolina and induced a significant increase in foliage and root biomass. Overall, these results suggest B. amyloliquefaciens BsA3MX and BsC11MX can be used as biological control agents against M. phaseolina in arid zones.