A red-fleshed apple rich in anthocyanins improves endothelial function, reduces inflammation, and modulates the immune system in hypercholesterolemic subjects: the AppleCOR study
Anna Pedret, Judit Companys, Lorena Calderón-Pérez, Elisabet Llauradó, Laura Pla‐Pagà, P. Salamanca, Berner Andrée Sandoval-Ramírez, Úrsula Catalán, Sara Fernández‐Castillejo, Sílvia Yuste, Alba Macià, Laia Gutiérrez-Tordera, Mònica Bulló, Jordi Camps, Núria Canela-Canela, Rosa M. Valls, Laura Rubió, María‐José Motilva, Rosa Solà
Abstract
(AI) with an equivalent content of ACNs as RFA, on different cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in hypercholesterolemic subjects. A randomized, parallel study was performed for 6 weeks and two dose-response studies were performed at the baseline and after intervention. At 6 weeks, RFA consumption improved ischemic reactive hyperemia and decreased C-reactive protein and interleukine-6 compared to WFA consumption. Moreover, at 6 weeks, AI decreased P-selectin compared to WFA and improved the lipid profile. Three products reduced C1q, C4 and Factor B, and RFA and AI reduced C3. Although both RFA and AI have a similar ACN content, RFA, by a matrix effect, induced more improvements in inflammation, whereas AI improved the lipid profile. Anti-inflammatory protein modulation by proteomic reduction of the complement system and immunoglobulins were verified after WFA, AI and RFA consumption.