Biodegradable electronic materials for promoting sustainability in next-generation electronics - a comprehensive review
Milon Selvam Dennison, K. S., S. Aravind, Omar Suliman Zaroog, Titus Wanazusi, M. Abisha Meji, N. Rajamani
Abstract
The growing challenge of electronic waste (e-waste) has heightened the interest in biodegradable electronic materials as sustainable options to traditional components. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in biodegradable conductors, semiconductors, dielectrics, and encapsulation materials. It emphasizes assessing material performance, exploring fabrication methods, and showcasing applications in biomedical devices, environmental monitoring, and transient consumer electronics. Key biodegradation processes are outlined, along with evaluations of environmental impact and life cycle comparisons to conventional electronics. The review also examines how various production techniques affect material behavior and reliability. Major challenges such as maintaining functional stability, scaling up manufacturing, costs, and regulatory issues are thoroughly discussed. To guide future research, promising materials and technologies are highlighted, and critical questions are addressed, including degradation mechanisms, environmental benefits, and specific application needs. Biodegradable electronics offer a transformative approach to reduce e-waste while promoting sustainability. This review serves as a vital resource for understanding current capabilities and guiding future research toward practical and environmentally responsible electronic solutions.