Experimental capabilities for liquid jet samples at sub-MHz rates at the FXE Instrument at European XFEL
Frederico A. Lima, Florian Otte, Mohammad Vakili, Fernando Ardana‐Lamas, Mykola Biednov, F Dall'Antonia, P. Frankenberger, Wojciech Gawełda, Luca Gelisio, Huijong Han, Xin‐Chao Huang, Yifeng Jiang, Marco Kloos, Thomas Kluyver, M. Knoll, Katharina Kubiček, Ivette J. Bermúdez Macias, Joachim Schulz, O. Turkot, Yohei Uemura, Joana Valério, H Wang, Hanna Yousef, Peter Zalden, Dmitry Khakhulin, Christian Bressler, Christopher J. Milne
Abstract
The Femtosecond X-ray Experiments (FXE) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) provides an optimized platform for investigations of ultrafast physical, chemical and biological processes. It operates in the energy range 4.7-20 keV accommodating flexible and versatile environments for a wide range of samples using diverse ultrafast X-ray spectroscopic, scattering and diffraction techniques. FXE is particularly suitable for experiments taking advantage of the sub-MHz repetition rates provided by the EuXFEL. In this paper a dedicated setup for studies on ultrafast biological and chemical dynamics in solution phase at sub-MHz rates at FXE is presented. Particular emphasis on the different liquid jet sample delivery options and their performance is given. Our portfolio of high-speed jets compatible with sub-MHz experiments includes cylindrical jets, gas dynamic virtual nozzles and flat jets. The capability to perform multi-color X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) experiments is illustrated by a set of measurements using the dispersive X-ray spectrometer in von Hamos geometry. Static XES data collected using a multi-crystal scanning Johann-type spectrometer are also presented. A few examples of experimental results on ultrafast time-resolved X-ray emission spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering at sub-MHz pulse repetition rates are given.