The association of obesogenic environments with weight status, blood pressure, and blood lipids: A cross-sectional pooled analysis across five cohorts
Paul Meijer, Thao Minh Lam, Ilonca Vaartjes, Eric P. Moll van Charante, Henrike Galenkamp, Annemarie Koster, Katja van den Hurk, Nicolette R. den Braver, Marieke T. Blom, Trynke de Jong, Diederick E. Grobbee, Joline W. J. Beulens, Jeroen Lakerveld, Miranda T. Schram, Pieter C. Dagnelie, Marleen M. J. van Greevenbroek, Coen D.A. Stehouwer, Carla Kallen
Abstract
In this observational cross-sectional study, we investigated the relationship between combined obesogenic neighbourhood characteristics and various cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults, including BMI, systolic blood pressure, and blood lipids, as well as the prevalence of overweight/obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. We conducted a large-scale pooled analysis, comprising data from five Dutch cohort studies (n = 183,871). Neighbourhood obesogenicity was defined according to the Obesogenic Built-environmental CharacterisTics (OBCT) index. The index was calculated for 1000m circular buffers around participants' home addresses. For each cohort, the association between the OBCT index and prevalence of overweight/obesity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia was analysed using robust Poisson regression models. Associations with continuous measures of BMI, systolic blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides were analysed using linear regression. All models were adjusted for age, sex, education level and area-level socio-economic status. Cohort-specific estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. The pooled results show that a 10 point higher OBCT index score was significantly associated with a 0.17 higher BMI (95%CI: 0.10 to 0.24), a 0.01 higher LDL-cholesterol (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.02), a 0.01 lower HDL cholesterol (95% CI: -0.02 to -0.01), and non-significantly associated with a 0.36 mmHg higher systolic blood pressure (95%CI: -0.14 to 0.65). A 10 point higher OBCT index score was also associated with a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity (PR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.05), obesity (PR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.08) and hypertension (PR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.04), but not with dyslipidaemia. This large-scale pooled analysis of five Dutch cohort studies shows that higher neighbourhood obesogenicity, as measured by the OBCT index, was associated with higher BMI, higher prevalence of overweight/obesity, obesity, and hypertension. These findings highlight the importance of considering the obesogenic environment as a potential determinant of cardiovascular health.