The Discovery of Exarafenib (KIN-2787): Overcoming the Challenges of Pan-RAF Kinase Inhibition
Young K. Chen, Toufike Kanouni, Lee D. Arnold, Jason M. Cox, Elisabeth Gardiner, Kathryn B. Grandinetti, Ping Jiang, Stephen W. Kaldor, Catherine Lee, Chun Li, Eric S. Martin, Nichol Miller, Eric A. Murphy, Noel Timple, John Tyhonas, Angie Vassar, Tim Sen Wang, Richard Williams, Yuan Ding, Robert S. Kania
Abstract
RAF, a core signaling component of the MAPK kinase cascade, is often mutated in various cancers, including melanoma, lung, and colorectal cancers. The approved inhibitors were focused on targeting the BRAF V600E mutation that results in constitutive activation of kinase signaling through the monomeric protein (Class I). However, these inhibitors also paradoxically activate kinase signaling of RAF dimers, resulting in increased MAPK signaling in normal tissues. Recently, significant attention has turned to targeting RAF alterations that activate dimeric signaling (class II and III BRAF and NRAS). However, the discovery of a potent and selective inhibitor with biopharmaceutical properties suitable to sustain robust target inhibition in the clinical setting has proven challenging. Herein, we report the discovery of exarafenib ( 15 ), a highly potent and selective inhibitor that intercepts the RAF protein in the dimer compatible αC-helix-IN conformation and demonstrates anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical models with BRAF class I, II, and III and NRAS alterations.