Kinetically Controlled Sequential Seeded Growth: A General Route to Crystals with Different Hierarchies
Joshua D. Smith, Mattea M. Scanlan, Alexander N. Chen, Hannah M. Ashberry, Sara E. Skrabalak
Abstract
The organization of natural materials into hierarchical structures accounts for the amazing properties of many biological systems; however, translating the structural motifs present in such natural materials to synthetic systems remains difficult. Inspired by how nature creates materials, this work demonstrates that kinetically controlled sequential seeded growth is a general bottom-up strategy to prepare hierarchical inorganic crystals with distinct compositions and nanostructured forms. Specifically, 85 distinct hierarchical crystals with different shape-controlled features, compositions, and overall symmetries were readily achieved by altering the kinetics of metal deposition in sequential rounds of seeded growth. These modifications in the deposition kinetics were achieved through simple changes to the reaction conditions (e.g., pH or halide concentration) and dictate whether concave or convex features are produced at specific seed locations, much in the manner that the changing atmospheric conditions account for the hierarchical and symmetrical structures of snow crystals. As such, this work provides a general paradigm for the bottom-up synthesis of hierarchical crystals regardless of inorganic material class.