Unlocking ultra-low temperature performance: an anti-freezing, high-conductivity, biodegradable hydrogel electrolyte for supercapacitors down to −60 °C
Yibin Xing, Nannan Zhu, Ruihua He, Xiyao Wang, Renyang Han, Bing Du, Xuejuan Wan
Abstract
ion conduction pathways. Supercapacitors assembled with SCG-Zn electrolyte demonstrate exceptional cycling stability, retaining 97.6% capacity after 20 000 cycles at 25 °C. Impressively, even under the harsh condition of -60 °C, facilitated by the sustained ionic conduction of SCG-Zn, a remarkably high-capacity retention of 97.4% is achieved after 20 000 cycles. Furthermore, the assembled flexible devices also exhibit stable performance under repeated mechanical deformations (bending and loading). This work establishes a simple, sustainable but highly effective material for high-performance, reliable energy storage devices capable of operating in extreme cold environments.