Nozzle temperature calibration in 3D printing
Petros Gkertzos, Αθανάσιος Κοτζακόλιος, Georgios Mantzouranis, Vassilis Kostopoulos
Abstract
Abstract Process parameters can have a significant effect on the quality and performance of 3D printed parts. That is especially true for parameters affecting the temperature profile during manufacturing as temperature is the driving mechanism for bond formation between neighboring material. Supported by corresponding literature, experimental data obtained from a thermal camera exhibit a 23 °C difference between actual nozzle temperature and printing temperature specified during slicing of the part. This can result in lower mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy than originally designed, or even result in failed prints due to poor adhesion between the part and the heated bed. So, in this work, a hybrid experimental, numerical study of the factors affecting the nozzle temperature is performed, in order to calibrate and achieve the desired printing temperature. Specifically, a typical hotend is designed and is heated up to the printing temperature. The hotend exchanges heat with the environment, due to convection and radiation. The actual nozzle temperature at different combinations of printing conditions and materials is obtained. The numerical results are validated by experiments, showing a difference of less than 3%. Data driven models with accurate nozzle temperature predictions are provided to aid in selecting optimal slicing parameters.