Comparison of different fragmentation techniques for the production of true-to-life microplastics
Serena Ducoli, Manviri Rani, Claudio Marchesi, M Speziani, Annalisa Zacco, G Gavazzi, Stefania Federici, Laura E. Depero
Abstract
Microplastics are small plastic particles found widely in the environment, posing significant challenges as diverse environmental contaminants. Their pervasive presence and potential impacts on ecosystems and human health underscore the importance of research in this field. However, working with microplastics in the laboratory and field can be challenging due to the difficulty in creating particles that are similar to those found in the environment. The advancement of research in this area is, therefore, dependent on the availability of reference materials or representative test materials that can simulate real-world conditions. One of the biggest challenges in creating more relevant test microplastics is investigating processes that can mimic as close as possible the environmental counterpart. To tackle this challenge, we have explored three distinct cryogenic grinding techniques for generating microplastics on a laboratory scale (ultracentrifugal mill, immersion blender, mixer mill). The resulting products were examined, and the advantages and limitations of the technologies were analyzed to gain deeper insights into the correlation between the various techniques utilized and the distinctive characteristics of the “true-to-life” microplastics produced. This allows us to tailor the production of test materials to the specific research questions they are intended to address. Furthermore, by understanding the characteristics of true-to-life microplastics, we can gain insights into their behavior under various environmental conditions. This knowledge can help in developing better methods for detecting and monitoring microplastics in the environment, as well as developing more effective mitigation strategies to reduce their impact. • Development of true-to-life microplastics using three cryogenic grinding techniques. • Comparison of ultracentrifugal mill, immersion blender, and mixer mill for MP production. • Characterization of MPs through optical microscopy, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD. • Identification of the optimal approach for MP production based on research questions. • Development of a framework for producing environmentally relevant MPs for research.