Local administration of immunotherapy for patients with skin cancer: A systematic review
John C. Janssen, B. van Dijk, Lotte Hoeijmakers, Dirk J. Grünhagen, Wichor M. Bramer, Cornelis Verhoef, Tanja D. de Gruijl, C U Blank, Astrid A.M. van der Veldt
Abstract
Since the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 receptors, survival has improved significantly for patients with irresectable and metastatic skin cancer, including cutaneous squamous cell cancer and melanoma. However, systemic administration of these drugs is associated with immune related adverse events (irAEs), which can be severe, irreversible and even fatal. To reduce the risk of irAEs associated with systemic exposure to immunotherapeutic drugs, local administration of low doses could be considered. This systematic review provides an overview of early phase clinical trials with drugs that are currently under investigation for intratumoral administration in patients with melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer.