Activation/Deactivation Free-Energy Profiles for the β<sub>2</sub>-Adrenergic Receptor: Ligand Modes of Action
Jacqueline C. Calderón, Passainte Ibrahim, Dorothea Gobbo, Francesco Luigi Gervasio, Timothy Clark
Abstract
We use enhanced-sampling simulations with an effective collective variable to study the activation of the β 2 -adrenergic receptor in the presence of ligands with different efficacy. The free-energy profiles are computed for the ligand-free ( apo ) receptor and binary ( apo -receptor + G-protein α-subunit and receptor + ligand) and ternary complexes. The results are not only compatible with available experiments but also allow unprecedented structural insight into the nature of GPCR conformations along the activation pathway and their role in the activation mechanism. In particular, the simulations reveal an unexpected mode of action of partial agonists such as salmeterol and salbutamol that arises already in the binary complex without the G-protein. Specific differences in the polar interactions with residues in TM5, which are required to stabilize an optimal TM6 conformation that facilitates G-protein binding and receptor activation, play a major role in differentiating them from full agonists.