Sex Hormones and Inflammation Role in Oral Cancer Progression: A Molecular and Biological Point of View
Maria Contaldo, Mariarosaria Boccellino, Giuseppa Zannini, Antonio Romano, Antonella Sciarra, Alessandra Sacco, Giuliana Settembre, M. Coppola, Angelina Di Carlo, Luigi D’Angelo, Francesco Inchingolo, Antonia Feola, Marina Di Domenico
Abstract
Oral cancers have been proven to arise from precursors lesions and to be related to risk behaviour such as alcohol consumption and smoke. However, the present paper focuses on the role of chronic inflammation, related to chronical oral infections and/or altered immune responses occurring during dysimmune and autoimmune diseases, in the oral cancerogenesis. Particularly, oral candidiasis and periodontal diseases introduce a vicious circle of nonhealing and perpetuation of the inflammatory processes, thus leading toward cancer occurrence via local and systemic inflammatory modulators and via genetic and epigenetic factors.