Embolic Protection Devices in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence
George Latsios, Nikolaos Ktenopoulos, Anastasiοs Apostolos, Leonidas Koliastasis, Ioannis Kachrimanidis, Panayotis K. Vlachakis, Odysseas Katsaros, Emmanouil Mantzouranis, Sotirios Tsalamandris, Maria Drakopoulou, Αndreas Synetos, Constantina Aggeli, Konstantinos Tsioufis, Konstantinos Toutouzas
Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as a transformative therapy for patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) across all surgical risk groups. However, periprocedural cerebrovascular events (CVEs), including overt stroke and silent cerebral embolism, remain significant complications. As a result, the use of embolic protection devices (EPDs) during TAVI has been proposed to mitigate this risk. Our aim was to provide a comprehensive review of the current evidence on the efficacy, safety, and clinical utility of embolic protection devices in TAVI procedures. According to the existing literature, EPDs are effective in capturing embolic debris during TAVI and are associated with a reduction in silent cerebral lesions as detected by diffusion-weighted MRI. While some RCTs and meta-analyses demonstrate a potential benefit in reducing disabling stroke, evidence for a consistent reduction in overall stroke or mortality remains inconclusive. Subgroup analyses suggest the greatest benefit in patients at elevated stroke risk, while current-generation EPDs demonstrate high technical success and an acceptable safety profile. Subsequently, EPDs represent a promising adjunct to TAVI, particularly in high-risk populations. However, routine use in all patients is not yet supported by consistent clinical evidence. Further large-scale trials and long-term outcome data are needed to clarify their role in improving neurological outcomes and to guide selective patient application.