Red Mangrove (Rhizophora stylosa Griff.)—A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Prospects
Karina Kalasuba, Mia Miranti, Sri Rejeki Rahayuningsih, Wahyu Safriansyah, Rizky Riscahya Pratama Syamsuri, Kindi Farabi, Dina Oktavia, Arshad Naji Alhasnawi, Febri Doni
Abstract
Mangroves are ecologically significant plants in marine habitats that inhabit the coastlines of many countries. Being a highly productive and diverse ecosystem, mangroves are rich in numerous classes of phytochemicals that are of great importance in the field of pharmaceutical industries. The red mangrove (Rhizophora stylosa Griff.) is a common member of the Rhizophoraceae family and the dominant species in the mangrove ecosystem of Indonesia. R. stylosa mangrove species are rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and steroids, and are widely used in traditional medicine for anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antipyretic effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the botanical description, phytochemical profiles, pharmacological activities, and medicinal potentials of R. stylosa.