Infection with different strains of SARS-COV-2 in patients with COVID-19
Hayder O. Hashim, M.K. Kefafi Mohammed, Mazin J. Mousa, Hadeer H. Abdulameer, Alaa Tareq Shakir Al-Hassnawi, Safa A. Hassan, Mohammed Baqur S. Al‐Shuhaib
Abstract
The biological diversity of SARS-CoV-2 was assessed by investigating the genetic variations of the spike glycoprotein of patients with COVID-19 in Iraq. Sequencing identified fifteen novel nucleic acid variations with a variety of distributions within the investigated samples. The electropherograms of all identified variations showed obvious co-infections with two different viral strains per sample. Most samples exhibited three nonsense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), p.301Cdel, p.380Ydel and p.436del, which yielded three truncated spike glycoproteins, respectively. Network and phylogenetic analyses indicated that all viral infections were derived from multiple viral origins. Results inferred from the specific clade-based tree showed that some viral strains were derived from European G-clade sequences. Our data demonstrated the absence of single-strain infection among all investigated samples in the studied area, which entails a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 in this country. The identified high frequency of truncated spike proteins suggests that defective SARS-CoV-2 depend on helper strains possessing intact spikes during infection. Alternatively, another putative ACE2-independent route of viral infection is suggested. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe co-infection with multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19.