Intraoperative and In Vitro Classification of Subacromial Bursal Tissue
Joshua B. Baldino, Lukas N. Muench, Cameron Kia, Jeremiah D. Johnson, Daichi Morikawa, Lisa M. Tamburini, Arthur B. Landry, Lemuel Gordon-Hackshaw, Nicholas Bellas, Mary Beth McCarthy, Mark P. Cote, Augustus D. Mazzocca
Abstract
Purpose To classify subacromial bursal tissue using intraoperative and in vitro characteristics from specimens harvested during arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Methods Subacromial bursa was harvested over the rotator cuff from 48 patients (57 ± 10 years) undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Specimens were characterized intraoperatively by location (over rotator cuff tendon or muscle), tissue quality (percent of either fatty or fibrous infiltration), and vascularity before complete debridement. Nucleated cell counts were determined after 3 weeks incubation and histological sections were reviewed for degree of fatty infiltration and vascularity. Mesenchymal stem cell surface markers were counted via flow cytometry (n = 3) and cellular migration was observed using a fluoroscopic assay (n = 3). Results Intraoperatively, muscle bursa was found most often to have >50% fatty infiltration (n = 39), whereas tendon bursa showed majority fibrous tissue (n = 32). Cellular proliferation did not significantly differ according to intraoperative tissue quality. Intraoperative vascularity was associated with greater proliferation for highly vascular samples ( P = 0.023). Tendon bursa demonstrated significantly greater proliferation potential than muscle bursa ( P = 0.00015). Histologic assessment of fatty infiltration was moderately correlated with gross tissue fattiness (ρ = ‐0.626, P = 7.14 × 10 ‐11 ). Flow cytometry showed that 90% to 100% of bursal cells were positive for MSC surface markers. Peak cellular migration rates occurred between 18 and 30 hours’ incubation. Conclusions Intraoperative and in vitro subacromial bursa characteristics were not found to reliably correlate with the degree of cellular proliferation. However, the anatomic location of subacromial bursa was consistently predictive of increased proliferation potential. Bursa‐derived nucleated cells were confirmed to include mesenchymal stem cells with migratory potential. Clinical Relevance The anatomic distinction between muscle and tendon bursa provides a simple classification for predicting cellular activity.