Transfer Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid to γ‐Valerolactone and Pyrrolidones Using a Homogeneous Nickel Catalyst
Tamara Jurado‐Vázquez, Alma Arévalo, Juventino J. Garcı́a
Abstract
Abstract We report a well‐defined homogeneous nickel‐based catalyst using the complex [dippeNi(COD)] (dippe=1,2‐bis(diisopropyl phosphino)ethane) as a catalytic precursor with high activity in the hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LVA) to yield γ‐valerolactone (GVL) under relatively mild conditions (4 h, 120 °C); formic acid (FA) is the transfer hydrogenation agent in a dehydrogenation‐hydrogenation process. Under optimized conditions, GVL was obtained with excellent yield (>99 %) and selectivity (>99 %). The Ni‐catalyst was assessed in the LVA hydrogenation with a variety of primary amines using an excess of FA (4 eq) as hydrogen donor at 15 h and 170 °C to produce 2‐pyrrolydones with excellent yield (>99 %) and fair to good selectivity (from 68 to 92 %).