Acute and Long-Term Immune-Treatment Strategies in Anti-LGI1 Antibody–Mediated Encephalitis
Nabil Seery, Robb Wesselingh, Paul Beech, Laurie McLaughlin, Tiffany Rushen, Amy J. Halliday, Liora ter Horst, Sarah Griffith, Mirasol Forcadela, Tracie Tan, Christina Kazzi, Cassie Nesbitt, James Broadley, Katherine Buzzard, Andrew Duncan, Wendyl D’Souza, Yang Tran, Anneke van der Walt, Genevieve Skinner, Bruce Taylor, Andrew Swayne, Amy Brodtmann, David Gillis, Ernest Butler, Tomáš Kalinčík, Udaya Seneviratne, Richard Macdonell, Stefan Blum, Sudarshini Ramanathan, Charles B. Malpas, Stephen Reddel, Todd A. Hardy, Terence J. O’Brien, Paul G. Sanfilippo, Helmut Butzkueven, Mastura Monif, Alison Craig, Brian Long, Catherine Meade, Chris Kindt, David M. Tarlinton, Fong Cheng Yi, Hannah Ford, James Beharry, Jayashri Kulkarni, J.Philip MacIntyre, Joshua Yap, Fielding Joanne, Kevin Ko, Marie O’Shea, Meaghan Clough, Meng Tan, Miri Forcadel, Nicola Warren, Noushin Chini Foroush, Richard Wong, Rubina Alpitsis, Simon Broadley, Yong Wang, Wen Wen Zhang
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Few studies have evaluated acute immunotherapy and relapse prevention strategies in patients with anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody (Ab)-mediated encephalitis. The objective of this study was to analyze the outcomes of acute and long-term immunotherapy strategies in this population. METHODS: We undertook a multicenter cohort study of 55 patients with anti-LGI1 Ab-mediated encephalitis, either recruited prospectively or identified retrospectively from 10 Australian hospitals as part of the Australian Autoimmune Encephalitis Consortium. Clinical data were collected, including treatment durations of all relevant immunotherapies. Clinical outcomes that we examined included (1) time to first clinical relapse, (2) improvement on modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and (3) favorable binary composite clinical-functional outcome at 12 months. A favorable outcome was defined as fulfilling all three of mRS less than 3, a score of 1 or less in the memory dysfunction component of the Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis, and absence of drug-resistant epilepsy. RESULTS: = 0.049) at 12 months. DISCUSSION: Rituximab may be effective at preventing relapses in patients with anti-LGI1 Ab-mediated encephalitis. Acute methylprednisolone treatment may be associated with favorable outcomes at 12 months. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that for patients with anti-LGI1 Ab-mediated encephalitis, rituximab prevents relapses and acute methylprednisolone is associated with favorable outcomes at 12 months.