Retracted: Distributed Energy Management in Smart Grids Based on Cloud-Fog Layer Architecture Considering PHEVs
Pengfei Duan, H. Rahimpour Soleimani, Arezoo Ghazanfari, Moslem Dehghani
Abstract
This paper presents a distributed multi-layer cloud-fog computing architecture for the optimal energy management in the smart grids considering the high penetration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The distributed framework is constructed on the basis of alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to let neighboring agents to get into a consensus with each other. Due to the high attendance of various renewable energy sources looking like wind turbines and photolytic panels, it is tried to model the uncertainties based on Monte Carlo simulations. Three various charging layouts containing the smart charging, controlled charging and uncontrolled charging are assumed and compared in the smart grid test system. A powerful optimization method based on Grey Wolf Optimizer is proposed to solve the augmented Lagrangian function in each agent. The simulation results show clearly the appropriate efficiency of this layout.