Regional Variation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in the United States: The Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry
Connor Fling, Teresa De Marco, Noah Kime, Matthew R. Lammi, Laura Oppegard, John Ryan, Corey E. Ventetuolo, R. James White, Roham T. Zamanian, Peter J. Leary
Abstract
Abstract Rationale Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a heterogeneous disease within a complex diagnostic and treatment environment. Other complex heart and lung diseases have substantial regional variation in characteristics and outcomes; however, this has not been previously described in PAH. Objectives To identify baseline differences between U.S. census regions in the characteristics and outcomes for participants in the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry (PHAR). Methods Adults with PAH were divided into regional groups (Northeast, South, Midwest, and West), and baseline differences between census regions were presented. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and Cox proportional hazards were used to estimate the association between region and mortality in unadjusted and adjusted models. Results Substantial differences by census regions were seen in age, race, ethnicity, marital status, employment, insurance payor breakdown, active smoking, and current alcohol use. Differences were also seen in PAH etiology and baseline 6-minute walk distance test results. Treatment characteristics varied by census region, and mortality appeared to be lower in PHAR participants in the West (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.43–0.83, P = 0.005). This difference was not readily explained by differences in demographic characteristics, PAH etiology, baseline severity, baseline medication regimen, or disease prevalence. Conclusions The present study suggests significant regional variation among participants at accredited pulmonary vascular disease centers in multiple baseline characteristics and mortality. This variation may have implications for clinical research planning and represent an important focus for further study to better understand whether there are remediable care aspects that can be addressed in the pursuit of providing equitable care in the United States.