Phytochemical characterization of bioactive compounds extracted with different solvents from Calophyllum inophyllum flowers and activity against pathogenic bacteria
Luksamee Vittaya, Chakhriya Chalad, Waraporn Ratsameepakai, Nararak Leesakul
Abstract
Calophyllum inophyllum is used in traditional medicine to treat several diseases and conditions. Several studies have attempted to isolate useful compounds from various parts of this plant. However, the phytochemical constituents of C. inophyllum flower have not been extensively studied. This pioneering study focused on the chemical composition of C. inophyllum flower analyzed by gas chromatography-electron ionization/mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS) and the antibacterial effects of C. inophyllum flower extracted with organic solvents. Phytochemical compounds were obtained from C. inophyllum flower via maceration with sequential extraction using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. Phytochemical components of total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF), and total saponin (TSC) contents were determined by colorimetric methods and each extract was found to be rich in phenolic, flavonoid, and saponin constituents. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were studied by disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) assays were used to address the potentials of extracts. All extracts were active against pathogenic bacteria at different concentrations, and were especially active against Salmonella tyhpi . In addition, the hexane extract exhibited the lowest MIC and MBC of 0.098 and 3.12 mg/mL, respectively, against B. cereus based on the antibacterial dilution method. The correlation analysis indicated a negative relationship between the flavonoid content and the inhibition zone of Salmonella typhi , with a significant value of p < 0.05 . On the contrary, a positive relationship between the saponin content and the inhibition zone Klebsiella pneumoniae . These results showed that C. inophyllum flower extracts are rich of bioactive compounds such as phytol, eugenol, caryophyllene oxide, α-copaene, α-muurolene, β-caryophyllene, β-amysin, farnesol, palmitic acid, and cadinene derivatives. • Chemical compositions of C. inophyllum flower extracts were analyzed by GC–MS. • Solvent polarity influences solubility of bioactive component. • C. inophyllum flower extracts contain large amounts of bioactive compounds. • Ninety-seven compounds were identified from different polarity extracts. • C. inophyllum flower extracts greatly inhibit pathogenic bacteria growth.