Coronavirus disease 2019 and transplantation: A view from the inside

Abstract

To the Editor: Since December 2019, world healthcare community faces the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2. Due to the high viral contagiousness and the possible transmission during the pre-symptomatic phase, COVID-19 progressively spread to several countries and became a pandemic. Currently, Italy is the second Country for number of confirmed cases after mainland China and the first western nation with a well-established deceased transplant program to tackle a COVID-19 outbreak1World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports.Google Scholar. Italian Transplant Authority (Centro Nazionale Trapianti) promptly released guidelines on donor management. Nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) or bronchoalveolar lavage are suggested to identify COVID-19 before donation in highly epidemic areas of the Country, with the consequent exclusion of positive donors. Conversely, no specific indications for recipients from and for Transplant Centers within high-risk areas are available.2Trapianti CN. 28 Febbraio 2020 Prot. 482/CNT 2020.; 2020.Google Scholar Our Hospital, located in Milan, northern Italy, hosts a liver, lung, kidney and bone marrow transplant Centre. In addition, our intensive care unit is the regional referral center for severe COVID-19, and was recently readapted to create a dedicated facility. From the beginning of COVID-19 outbreak in Italy, in our Hospital several preventive measures were implemented such as: (a) personnel training and application of infection control measures (hand hygiene, facial mask, gloves and gown for healthcare professionals assisting transplant patients, a dedicated pathway in Emergency Department for suspected cases), (b) limitation of non urgent surgical activities, (c) screening with NPS and pre-emptive isolation of possibly exposed subjects.3World Health Organization (WHO). Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute respiratory infections in health care. WHO Guidel. 2014;1-156. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112656/1/9789241507134_eng.pdf?ua=1.Google Scholar As transplant and infectious disease specialists, we deem it is crucial to carefully balance cost and benefits in performing a transplant during a COVID-19 outbreak. Michaels and colleagues recently well described possible risks associated to transplant in COVID-19 positive recipients.4Michaels MG, La Hoz RM, Danziger Isakov L, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019: implications of emerging infections for transplantation [published online ahead of print 2020]. Am J Transplant. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15832.Google Scholar While patients in the waiting list need transplantation to solve their primary disease, post-transplant patients carry high risk of severe infections with possible fatal outcomes. Furthermore, healthcare professionals and the other close contacts (in both intensive care unit and ward) may develop symptomatic COVID-19 and could spread the infection both inside and outside hospitals. Notably, this balance should also cope with the limited ICU resources not only within the hospital, but in the whole region. Moving from these considerations, we created a dedicated pathway for liver transplantation (LT) during COVID-19 outbreak (Figure 1). Briefly, due to the unknown viral kinetic and the possibility of false negative results described for NPS,5Winichakoon P, Chaiwarith R, Liwsrisakun C, et al. Negative nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab does not rule out COVID-19 [published online ahead of print 2020]. J Clin Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00297-20.Google Scholar we limit LT to the most urgent cases of patients living in the epidemic area, while consider a more liberal allocation for patients outside high-risk areas. However, all recipients are screened to avoid transplantation in SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects. Our procedure is to be reviewed every two weeks by an internal board according to the new insights on COVID-19. If the number of SARSCoV-2 positive subjects rapidly increased within the region, transplantation should be restricted to immediate life-saving procedures regardless the organ to be transplanted. We strongly agree with Michaels and colleagues that all efforts must be carried out to control COVID-19 spread and avoid post-transplant infections, especially during the initial phase of the outbreak. As disease evolves, our attitude towards transplantation will be reviewed and our procedure updated. Prompt information should be given to patients and caregivers to avoid panic and misleading situations. Yet, facing the outbreak from inside we cannot afford any underestimation. The authors of this manuscript have no conflicts of interest to disclose as described by the American Journal of Transplantation.

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