Prediction of regaining consciousness despite an early epileptiform EEG after cardiac arrest
Giuseppina Barbella, Jong Woo Lee, Vincent Alvarez, Jan Nový, Mauro Oddo, Louis Beers, Andrea O. Rossetti
Abstract
<h3>Objective</h3> After cardiac arrest (CA), epileptiform EEG, occurring in about 1/3 of patients, often but not invariably heralds poor prognosis. We tested the hypothesis that a combination of specific EEG features identifies patients who may regain consciousness despite early epileptiform patterns. <h3>Methods</h3> We retrospectively analyzed a registry of comatose patients post-CA (2 Swiss centers), including those with epileptiform EEG. Background and epileptiform features in EEGs 12–36 hours or 36–72 hours from CA were scored according to the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society nomenclature. Best Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score within 3 months (CPC 1–3 vs 4–5) was the primary outcome. Significant EEG variables were combined in a score assessed with receiver operating characteristic curves, and independently validated in a US cohort; its correlation with serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was also tested. <h3>Results</h3> Of 488 patients, 107 (21.9%) had epileptiform EEG <72 hours; 18 (17%) reached CPC 1–3. EEG 12–36 hours background continuity ≥50%, absence of epileptiform abnormalities (<i>p</i> < 0.00001 each), 12–36 and 36–72 hours reactivity (<i>p</i> < 0.0001 each), 36–72 hours normal background amplitude (<i>p</i> = 0.0004), and stimulus-induced discharges (<i>p</i> = 0.0001) correlated with favorable outcome. The combined 6-point score cutoff ≥2 was 100% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI], 78%–100%) and 70% specific (95% CI, 59%–80%) for CPC 1–3 (area under the curve [AUC], 0.98; 95% CI, 0.94–1.00). Increasing score correlated with NSE (ρ = −0.46, <i>p</i> = 0.0001). In the validation cohort (41 patients), the score was 100% sensitive (95% CI, 60%–100%) and 88% specific (95% CI, 73%–97%) for CPC 1–3 (AUC, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.91–1.00). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Prognostic value of early epileptiform EEG after CA can be estimated combining timing, continuity, reactivity, and amplitude features in a score that correlates with neuronal damage.