Multi-layer stacking ensemble learners for low footprint network intrusion detection
Saeed Shafieian, Mohammad Zulkernine
Abstract
Abstract Machine learning has become the standard solution to problems in many areas, such as image recognition, natural language processing, and spam detection. In the area of network intrusion detection, machine learning techniques have also been successfully used to detect anomalies in network traffic. However, there is less tolerance in the network intrusion detection domain in terms of errors, especially false positives. In this paper, we define strict acceptance criteria, and show that only very few ensemble learning classifiers are able to meet them in detecting low footprint network intrusions. We compare bagging, boosting, and stacking techniques, and show how methods such as multi-layer stacking can outperform other ensemble techniques and non-ensemble models in detecting such intrusions. We show how different variations on a stacking ensemble model can play a significant role on the classification performance. Malicious examples in our dataset are from the network intrusions that exfiltrate data from a target machine. The benign examples are captured by network taps in geographically different locations on a big corporate network. Among hundreds of ensemble models based on seven different base learners, only three multi-layer stacking models meet the strict acceptance criteria, and achieve an F1 score of 0.99, and a false-positive rate of 0.001. Furthermore, we show that our ensemble models outperform different deep neural network models in classifying low footprint network intrusions.