The Calcium Signaling Mechanisms in Arterial Smooth Muscle and Endothelial Cells
Matteo Ottolini, Swapnil K. Sonkusare
Abstract
Abstract The contractile state of resistance arteries and arterioles is a crucial determinant of blood pressure and blood flow. Physiological regulation of arterial contractility requires constant communication between endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Various Ca 2+ signals and Ca 2+ ‐sensitive targets ensure dynamic control of intercellular communications in the vascular wall. The functional effect of a Ca 2+ signal on arterial contractility depends on the type of Ca 2+ ‐sensitive target engaged by that signal. Recent studies using advanced imaging methods have identified the spatiotemporal signatures of individual Ca 2+ signals that control arterial and arteriolar contractility. Broadly speaking, intracellular Ca 2+ is increased by ion channels and transporters on the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticular membrane. Physiological roles for many vascular Ca 2+ signals have already been confirmed, while further investigation is needed for other Ca 2+ signals. This article focuses on endothelial and smooth muscle Ca 2+ signaling mechanisms in resistance arteries and arterioles. We discuss the Ca 2+ entry pathways at the plasma membrane, Ca 2+ release signals from the intracellular stores, the functional and physiological relevance of Ca 2+ signals, and their regulatory mechanisms. Finally, we describe the contribution of abnormal endothelial and smooth muscle Ca 2+ signals to the pathogenesis of vascular disorders. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1831‐1869, 2021.