Investigation of a <scp>three‐dimensional</scp> printed dynamic cervical spine model for anatomy and physiology education
William Clifton, Aaron Damon, Christy Soares, Eric W. Nottmeier, Mark A. Pichelmann
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Three-dimensional (3D) printing of anatomical structures is a growing method of education for students and medical trainees. These models are generally produced as static representations of gross surface anatomy. In order to create a model that provides educators with a tool for demonstration of kinematic and physiologic concepts in addition to surface anatomy, a high-resolution segmentation and 3D-printingtechnique was investigated for the creation of a dynamic educational model. METHODS: An anonymized computed tomography scan of the cervical spine with a diagnosis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was acquired. Using a high-resolution thresholding technique, the individual facet and intervertebral spaces were separated, and models of the C3-7 vertebrae were 3D-printed. The models were placed on a myelography simulator and subjected to flexion and extension under fluoroscopy, and measurements of the spinal canal diameter were recorded and compared to in-vivo measurements. The flexible 3D-printed model was then compared to a static 3D-printed model to determine the educational benefit of demonstrating physiologic concepts. RESULTS: The canal diameter changes on the flexible 3D-printed model accurately reflected in-vivo measurements during dynamic positioning. The flexible model also was also more successful in teaching the physiologic concepts of spinal canal changes during flexion and extension than the static 3D-printed model to a cohort of learners. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic 3D-printed models can provide educators with a cost-effective and novel educational tool for not just instruction of surface anatomy, but also physiologic concepts through 3D ex-vivo modeling of case-specific physiologic and pathologic conditions.