Pharmacological and clinical appraisal of factor XI inhibitor drugs
Giovanni Occhipinti, Claudio Laudani, Marco Spagnolo, Simone Finocchiaro, Placido Maria Mazzone, Denise Cristiana Faro, Maria Sara Mauro, Carla Rochira, Federica Agnello, Daniele Giacoppo, Nicola Ammirabile, Davide Landolina, Antonino Imbesi, Giuseppe Sangiorgio, Antonio Greco, Davide Capodanno
Abstract
The evolution of anticoagulation therapy, from vitamin K antagonists to the advent of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) almost two decades ago, marks significant progress. Despite improved safety demonstrated in pivotal trials and post-marketing observations, persistent concerns exist, particularly regarding bleeding risk and the absence of therapeutic indications in specific subgroups or clinical contexts. Factor XI (FXI) has recently emerged as a pivotal contributor to intraluminal thrombus formation and growth, playing a limited role in sealing vessel wall injuries. Inhibiting FXI presents an opportunity to decouple thrombosis from haemostasis, addressing concerns related to bleeding events while safeguarding against thromboembolic events. Notably, FXI inhibition holds promise for patients with end-stage renal disease or cancer, where clear indications for DOACs are currently lacking. Various compounds have undergone design, testing, and progression to phase 2 clinical trials, demonstrating a generally favourable safety and tolerability profile. However, validation through large-scale phase 3 trials with sufficient power to assess both safety and efficacy outcomes is needed. This review comprehensively examines FXI inhibitors, delving into individual classes, exploring their pharmacological properties, evaluating the latest evidence from randomized trials, and offering insights into future perspectives.