A Nonstoichiometric Pure-Phase Na<sub>3.4</sub>Fe<sub>2.4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>1.4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> Cathode for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries
Haiyang Ding, Xinlu Li, Hao Li, Jiafeng He
Abstract
Iron-based polyanionic cathode materials are expected to be extensively utilized in large-scale energy storage applications. Nevertheless, the synthesis of these stoichiometric polyanions generally introduces impurities, restricting their commercial viability. In this study, a pure-phase Na 3.4 Fe 2.4 (PO 4 ) 1.4 P 2 O 7 /C (1.4-NFPP/C) material is synthesized through an accurate design of molecular structure. The removal of impurity phases results in excellent electrochemical performance for 1.4-NFPP/C. 1.4-NFPP/C demonstrates a discharge-specific capacity of 112.2 mAh g –1 at 0.1 C, with a rate performance reaching 70 mAh g –1 at 30 C. 1.4-NFPP/C demonstrates a remarkable long-term cycle performance, with a capacity retention of 99.7% after 1000 cycles at 10 C. Electrochemical kinetic tests reveal the superior kinetic characteristics of 1.4-NFPP/C. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests confirm the involvement of a single-phase solid solution reaction in the sodium storage process of 1.4-NFPP/C. Additionally, the full cell demonstrates competitive electrochemical performance and holds potential application value. Thus, the pure-phase Na 3.4 Fe 2.4 (PO 4 ) 1.4 P 2 O 7 /C material has a great potential application in high-performance sodium-ion batteries.