Remediation of heavy metal polluted waters using activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass: An update of recent trends
Anh Tuan Hoang, Sunil Kumar, Éric Lichtfouse, Chin Kui Cheng, Rajender S. Varma, N. Senthilkumar, Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen, Xuân Phương Nguyễn
Abstract
activation is still generally preferred for its ease of operation, lower cost, and shorter preparation time. Several mechanisms related to heavy metal adsorption on biomass wastes-AC were also discussed in detail, such as (i)physical adsorption/deposition of metals, (ii) -ion-exchange between protonated oxygen-containing functional groups (-OH, -COOH) and divalent metal cations (M 2+ ), (iii) -electrostatic interaction between oppositelycharged ions, (iv) -surface complexation between functional groups (-OH, O 2-, -CO-NH-, and -COOH) and heavy metal ions/complexes, and (v) -precipitation/co-precipitation technique. Additionally, key parameters affecting the adsorption performance were scrutinized. In general, this review offers a comprehensive insight into the production of AC from lignocellulosic biomass and its application in treating heavy metals-polluted water, showing that biomass-originated AC could bring great benefits to the environment, economy, and sustainability.